Mass Customization

We looked at this a number of ways, in particular how customization could be applied at different stages of manufacturing and delivery.  Driven by optimal cost and efficiency.    Related, in the HBR:  Operations Management  The Four Faces of Mass Customization  by James H. GilmoreB. Joseph Pine II ...   " ... We have identified four distinct approaches to customization, which we call collaborative, adaptive, cosmetic, and transparent. When designing or redesigning a product, process, or business unit, managers should examine each of the approaches for possible insights into how best to serve their customers.  :  ... "