How Does AI Improve Human Decision-Making

Improve, but always in contexts that make it hard to measure. 

How Does AI Improve Human Decision-Making?  by Irving Wladawsky-Berger

“Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the newest general-purpose technology (GPT),” wrote Sukwoong Choia, Namil Kim, Junsik Kim, and Hyo Kang in a recent paper, How Does AI Improve  Human Decision-Making? Evidence from the AI-Powered Go Program. “One remarkable characteristic of AI is its ability to provide humans with high-quality predictions at relatively low cost and to automate a wide range of predictions. AI has already outperformed human professionals in many domains - including strategic gameplay, medical diagnosis, and new drug development.” 

“Furthermore, as a GPT, the domains where AI outperforms humans are expanding at a fast pace. The rapid development and adoption of AI thus raise an interesting yet pressing question about how AI affects human tasks in these various domains. Studies of AI and human capital, for instance, have examined the performance gap between humans and AI, highlighting AI’s potential for replacing jobs.” However, we should keep in mind that new technologies have been replacing workers and transforming economies for over two centuries. But, over time, these same technologies led to the creation of whole new industries and new jobs, increasing productivity and economic output, raising earnings, and augmenting the demand for labor. ... ' 

Value of Digital Infrastructure

Good overview

How Do Digital Infrastructures Increase a Firm’s Value?  by Irving Wladawsky-Berger

“In the information age, the value of a firm rests fundamentally on how it stores, shares and processes information,” wrote Seth Benzell, Jonathan Hersh, and Marshall Van Alstyne in a recent paper, How APIs Create Growth by Inverting the Firm. “Digital infrastructure is therefore central to a firm’s success.” 

But, how do digital infrastructures increase a firm’s value? One method is to make more efficient use of the firms internal capital by modularizing, reconfiguring and reusing the firms IT resources. A second method, used in platform businesses, is to leverage external capital by giving access to the firm’s resources to third parties, and capturing a share of the resulting surplus. Both methods require the implementation of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), whether for only for internal use by the firm’s developers or exposed externally to the firm’s platform partners. Both methods also feature a modular architecture of remixable resources. “Modularity combines the advantages of standardization typically associated with high volume processes together with the advantages of customization typically associated with bespoke processes.”  ..... ' 

Invent the Work of the Future

 Good overview by Irving Wladawsky, including aspects of COVID influence, more at the links below. 

The Work of the Future Is Ours to Invent  Irving Wladawsky by IWB 

The Work of the Future:  Building Better Jobs in an Age of Intelligent Machines, by David Autor, David Mindell and Elisabeth Reynolds was published last week. The new book is based on the multiyear MIT Task Force on The Work of the Future that they jointly co-chaired.

The Task Force was commissioned by MIT President Rafael Reif in the spring of 2018 to address one of the most critical questions of the digital economy, - an economy that technology universities like MIT have played a major role in bringing about: as emerging technologies raise aggregate economic output and the wealth of nations, will they also enable people to attain higher living standards, better working conditions, greater economic security, and improved health and longevity? Led by Autor, Mindell and Reynolds, the task force involved over 20 faculty members from 12 departments at MIT as well as more than 20 graduate students. Its final report was released in November of 2020. In addition, the Task Force published a number of working papers and research briefs. ..... ' 

Impact of Cybersecurity and International Trade

 Wladawsky-Berger's latest piece as applied to cybersecurity.  Below the intro, then much more inked to: 

Irving Wladawsky-Berger

A collection of observations, news and resources on the changing nature of innovation, technology, leadership, and other subjects.

Understanding the Impact of Cybersecurity on International Trade

The explosive success of the Internet in the 1990s led to a historical transition from the industrial age of the past two centuries to an economy and society increasingly based on global, digital interactions.  This transition has continued to advance over the past two decade with the advent of billions of smartphones, hundreds of billions of IoT devices, a wide variety of online applications and mobile apps, and huge amounts of data, all connected via Internet-based broadband networks.

Then came Covid-19. A recent McKinsey survey found that the pandemic has accelerated the overall adoption of digital technologies and applications by three to seven years in just a few months.

At the same time, cybersecurity threats have been growing. Large-scale fraud, data breaches, and identity thefts have become far more common. As we moved from a world of physical interactions and paper documents, to a world primarily governed by digital data and transactions, our existing cybersecurity methods have been far from adequate.  ... ' 

A True Transformation of Logistics?

 Another excellent piece by colleague Irving Wladawsky on work on the future of logistics, with lots of pointers in  the original at the link below.   Retail Analytics for Logistics was my world for many years.   Is the world of AI truly the next revolution?   Reading now.

The Transformation of Logistics in the Retail Industry

In the spring of 2018, MIT launched the Work of the Future Task Force to understand the impact of our increasingly intelligent machines on the future of work, and how to best harness these technological innovations for social benefit. The MIT-wide task force released its findings and recommendations in a November, 2020 report, - Building Better Jobs in an Age of Intelligent Machines. 

In addition to the task force report, the Work of the Future initiative has published a number of working papers and research briefs on related topics. I’d like to now discuss one of those briefs, The Future of Work in Logistics by Arshia Mehta and Frank Levy, which explored the transformation of the retail industry since the advent of e-commerce in the 1990s. The brief is a very interesting case study of the evolution of the retail industry over the past few decades.

“Twenty years ago, U.S. distribution networks were built to deliver products in bulk to retail stores,” wrote the authors. “Today, large parts of distribution networks are built to deliver individual items to home residences. The shift has been driven by technology, working through e-commerce, and recently reinforced by the COVID-19 pandemic.”

e-commerce was one of the earliest applications on the Internet. Amazon and eBay started handling e-commerce transactions in the mid-1990s. Online sales grew slowly at first. In 2001 online shopping comprised 1% of all US retails sales, partly because the vast majority of users accessed the Internet over dial-up phones, and only 4% did so using the much more convenient broadband access. In those early days, online shopping was considered a novel application for leading edge Internet users.   ... ' 

(much more at the link) .... 

Emergence of Central Bank Digital Currencies

 As usual, an interesting piece from Irving's Blog (Below an intro, details and much more at the link) 

The Emergence of Central Bank Digital Currencies   By Irving Wladawsky   by IWB

Economist Digital Money V1Bitcoin was created in October of 2008 with the release of Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, the original design paper which also introduced the blockchain architecture. A decade later, The Economist published a detailed evaluation of Bitcoin which succinctly concluded that “Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are useless.”

“Bitcoin, the first and still the most popular cryptocurrency, began life as a techno-anarchist project to create an online version of cash, a way for people to transact without the possibility of interference from malicious governments or banks,” it further argued. “A decade on, it is barely used for its intended purpose. Users must wrestle with complicated software and give up all the consumer protections they are used to. Few vendors accept it. Security is poor. Other cryptocurrencies are used even less.”

But last month, the May 8 issue of The Economist reached a very different conclusion in its assessment of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), - i.e., e-dollars, e-yuans, or e-euros, - which it called “The digital currencies that matter.”

“Bitcoin has gone from being an obsession of anarchists to a $1trn asset class that many fund managers insist belongs in any balanced portfolio. … Yet, as our special report explains, the least noticed disruption on the frontier between technology and finance may end up as the most revolutionary: the creation of government digital currencies, which typically aim to let people deposit funds directly with a central bank, bypassing conventional lenders. These govcoins are a new incarnation of money. They promise to make finance work better but also to shift power from individuals to the state, alter geopolitics and change how capital is allocated. They are to be treated with optimism, and humility.”

Let me summarize a few of the special report’s key points.

Over 50 governments are exploring digital currencies. In October 2020, the Central Bank of The Bahamas issued the digital Sand Dollar, the first nationwide deployed CBDC. The Sand Dollar has the same value and consumer protections as the traditional Bahamian dollar, to which it can be instantly converted. The Bahamas also introduced the Sand Dollar prepaid card in collaboration with Mastercard, which can be used to pay for goods and services anywhere Mastercard is accepted.

China has a major e-yuan pilot underway. Over 500,000 individuals received 200 yuan ($30) from the government, which they can use to pay for goods and services using an e-yuan digital wallet offered by six commercial banks. Legally, e-yuans are as real as traditional hard cash. A few weeks ago, the US Digital Dollar Project announced that it will launch at least five programs over the next 12 months to explore the uses and designs of a US e-dollar. The European Central Bank has been developing the concept of the digital euro by conducting practical experiments and engaging with stakeholders and the broader public. And in April, the Bank of England announced the creation of a taskforce to coordinate the exploration of a potential UK CBDC. ... " 

On the State of the Cloud, now with Innovation Added

Useful details on the topic, with many links by a former IBMer who we worked with.  A good follow.  Below the intro paragraph. 

A collection of observations, news and resources on the changing nature of innovation, technology, leadership, and other subjects.

The Current State of Cloud Computing  By Irving Wladawsky-Berger

In June, 2008 I gave a talk at a conference on The Promise and Reality of Cloud Computing. In his closing remarks, the conference organizer noted that most everyone had agreed that something big and profound was going on, but they weren’t quite sure what it was they were excited about. “There is a clear consensus that there is no real consensus on what cloud computing is,” he said. A few months later, The Economist published a special report on cloud computing with several articles on the subject. In the lead article, technology editor Ludwig Siegele started out his definition of cloud computing by first giving a very succinct history of computing:

“In the beginning computers were human. Then they took the shape of metal boxes, filling entire rooms before becoming ever smaller and more widespread. Now they are evaporating altogether and becoming accessible from anywhere. Computing has constantly changed shape and location - mainly as a result of new technology, but often also because of shifts in demand. Now, … it is turning into what has come to be called a ‘cloud’, or collections of clouds. Computing power will become more and more disembodied and will be consumed where and when it is needed.”   .. '

On Recommendation Systems

 Anther well considered piece, on recommendation systems, link to original post includes more useful references.  Note the inclusion of elements of 'trust'.  Intro below. 

The Increasing Influence of Recommendation Systems in Our Everyday Lives by Irving Wladlensky-Berger in his blog ... 

A few years ago, I attended a seminar by University of Toronto professor Avi Goldfarb on the economic value of AI. Goldfarb explained that the best way to assess the impact of a new radical technology is to look at how the technology reduces the cost of a widely used function. Computers, for example, are powerful calculators whose cost of arithmetic and other digital operations have dramatically decreased over the past several decades. As a result, we’ve learned to define all kinds of tasks in terms of digital operations, e.g., financial transactions, inventory management, word processing, photography. Similarly, the Internet and World Wide Web have drastically reduced the cost of communications and of access to all kinds of information, - including numbers, text, pictures, music and videos.

Viewed through this lens, the data and AI revolution can be viewed as reducing the cost of predictions. Predictions mean anticipating what is likely to happen in the future. Over the past decade, increasingly powerful computers, advanced machine learning algorithms, and the explosive growth of big data have enabled us to extract insights from the data and turn them into valuable predictions. As was previously the case with digital operations, communications and access to information, - we’re now able to reframe all kinds of applications as prediction problems. A major such family of applications are recommendation engines or recommender systems, which Wikipedia defines as “a subclass of information filtering system that seeks to predict the ‘rating’ or ‘preference’ a user would give to an item.”  ... '

Talking Blockchain

Wladawsky talks Blockchain. Good thoughtful piece with lots of backup. 

How Can Blockchain Become a Truly Transformative Technology?

I first became interested in blockchain technologies when in 2016 the World Economic Forum (WEF) named The Blockchain in its annual list of Top Ten Emerging Technologies citing its potential to fundamentally change the way markets and governments work. The WEF noted that “Like the Internet, the blockchain is an open, global infrastructure upon which other technologies and applications can be built. And like the Internet, it allows people to bypass traditional intermediaries in their dealings with each other, thereby lowering or even eliminating transaction costs.”

The blockchain first came to light in 2008 as the architecture underpinning bitcoin, the best known and most widely held digital currency. The blockchain’s original vision was limited to enabling bitcoin users to transact directly with each other with no need for a bank or government agency to certify the validity of the transactions. But, like the Internet, electricity and other transformative technologies, blockchain has transcended its original objectives. Over the years, blockchains, - and the more encompassing distributed ledger technologies (DLT), - have developed a following of their own as distributed data base architectures with the ability to handle trust-less transactions where no parties need to know nor trust each other for transactions to complete.

Could blockchain/DLT become truly transformative technologies? And if so, what will it take? ... ' 

Work From Anywhere Here to Stay

Mentioned this previously, Irving Wladawsky provides more links and backgrounds.

Is Work-from-Anywhere Here to Stay?  (many links in the below are shown by clicking through)

Remote work has been around for a few decades, but took off in the mid-late 1990s with the explosive growth of the Internet.  There were predictions that the Internet would lead to the decline of cities, because technology was making location less relevant to our work and personal lives.  Why would anyone choose to live in an expensive, stressful metropolitan area and endure a long daily commute?  However, instead of declining, superstar cities continued to attract talented, ambitious knowledge workers, and to generate the greatest levels of economy activity and innovation.

But, even before the pandemic, “a movement was brewing within knowledge-work organizations,” wrote Harvard professor Prithwiray (Raj) Choudhury in a recent Harvard Business Review article, Our Work-from-Anywhere Future.  “Personal technology and digital connectivity had advanced so far and so fast that people had begun to ask, ‘Do we really need to be together, in an office, to do our work?’”

Intangible Assets

 Intro below on a collection of thoughts and links on intangible assets.  Recall we also struggled with the definition of 'intangible'. when we defined data assets. Much more a the link.

The Intangible Asset Revolution  by Irving Wladawsky-Berger

“Take all the physical assets owned by all the companies in the S&P 500, all the cars and office buildings and factories and merchandise, then sell them all at cost in one giant sale, and they would generate a net sum that doesn’t even come out to 20% of the index’s $28 trillion value,” said Epic S&P 500 Rally Is Powered by Assets You Can’t See or Touch, an article in Bloomberg published on October 21, 2020, -  a day when intangible assets made up more than 84% of the S&P value.

“The rise of intangibles helps explain why many American workers have recently had it so rough, with wages stagnating and benefits disappearing,” adds the article.  And, given our increasingly digital post-pandemic new normal, we can expect the share of intangibles to go higher, “a source of deep concern for those who worry about things like employment and inequality.”

Intangible assets are easier to define as the opposite of tangible assets.  Tangible assets are generally physical in nature, including vehicles, land, plants, equipment, and furniture, but they also include financial assets like stocks, bonds, account receivables, and cash which have a concrete contractual value.   On the other hand, intangible assets are neither physical nor have a concretely specified financial value.  Intangibles include patents, copyrights, trademarks, goodwill, brand value, human capital, R&D, software, and data.  Despite having no physical existence, intangibles have a monetary value since they represent potential revenue, but that value must be established based on accounting principles.  And, unlike tangible assets, intangibles are difficult to value and insure....  '

Trends this Year

Irving Wladawsky-Berger does a good job of looking at trends likely to continue this year.   With lots of useful links.   Below the intro: 

Trends That Will Likely Shape a Highly Uncertain Year

A few weeks ago The Economist published The World in 2021, it’s 35th annual look at the economic, political, social and cultural trends that will likely shape the coming year.  Overall, 2021 will be a year of unusual uncertainty given the still ongoing pandemic, the uneven economic recovery, and the turbulent political environment in the US, Britain, and a number of other countries.  “The great prize on offer is the chance of bringing the coronavirus pandemic under control,” wrote the issue’s editor Tom Sandage.  “But in the meantime risks abound, to health, economic vitality and social stability.”

The World in 2021 highlights ten specific trends.  Let me focus my discussion on three of them. ... ' 

Why Business Transformation Projects Often Fail

 Thoughts and links from an IBM exec we worked with: 

Why Business Transformation Efforts Often Fail  by Irving Wladawsky-Berger

A 2019 study found that the average digitization level across all industry sectors was only around 25% of their ultimate potential.  But, the pandemic has now made the case for accelerating the digital transformations firms and economies were forced to make to help them cope with the crisis.  But, how successful are such major transformation likely to be?

A few months ago I received an email from the Harvard Business Review recommending a classic article from its 50 Best Selling collection that could shed light on this important and timely question, - Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail, originally published in 1995 by (now emeritus) Harvard professor John Kotter.

“Over the past decade, I have watched more than 100 companies try to remake themselves into significantly better competitors,” wrote Kotter.  These included large and small organizations, US and non-US based, some that were on their knees and some that were doing quite well.  “But, in almost every case, the basic goal has been the same: to make fundamental changes in how business is conducted in order to help cope with a new, more challenging market environment.”  ... ' 

Considering the AI Factory

Nicely covered by Irving:

The AI Factory: A New Kind of Digital Operating Model

“Whether you’re leading a digital start-up or working to revamp a traditional enterprise, it’s essential to understand the revolutionary impact AI has on operations, strategy, and competition,” wrote Harvard professors Marco Iansiti and Karim Lakhani in “Competing in the Age of AI”, a recently published article in the Harvard Business Review (HBR).  Earlier this year, they also published a book of the same title, which expands on the ideas in the article and illustrates them with a number of concrete use cases.

The age of AI is being ushered by the emergence of a new kind of digital firm.  Rather than just relying on traditional business processes operated by its workers, these firms are leveraging software and data-driven algorithms to eliminate traditional constraints and transform the rules of competition.  Managers and engineers are responsible for the design of the new AI-based operational systems, but the system then runs the operations pretty much on its own.

“At the core of the new firm is a decision factory - what we call the AI factory,” note the authors.  “[T]he AI factory treats decision-making as a science.  Analytics systematically convert internal and external data into predictions, insights, and choices, which in turn guide and automate operational workflows…  As digital networks and algorithms are woven into the fabric of firms, industries begin to function differently and the lines between them blur.”

The Industrial Revolution transformed the economy by developing a scalable, repeatable approach to manufacturing.  The AI factory is now driving another fundamental transformation by industrializing the data gathering, decision making, and overall digital operations of 21st century firms.  

The AI factory involves four key components:   

Data pipeline - the process which systematically gathers, cleans, integrates, and safeguards data;

Algorithm development, - the component which generate predictions about the future states of the business and drives its most critical operating activities;

Experimentation platform - the mechanism on which predictions are tested to ensure that they will have the intended effect; and

Software infrastructure, the systems that embed these various components in software and connect it as needed to the appropriate internal and external users. ..... 

(Much more at the link)   Will look at this more closely.  

Something Missing in Remote Work?

Nice view of the very nature of remote work.  What is essential, what is a waste of time?

Remote Work is Surprisingly Productive, But For Many… Something Is Missing in Wladawsky-Bergers Blog

What If Working From Home Goes on … Forever?, asks science and technology journalist Clive Thompson in the title of his June 9 NY Times Magazine article.  “The coronavirus crisis is forcing white-collar America to reconsider nearly every aspect of office life.  Some practices now seem to be wastes of time, happily discarded; others seem to be unexpectedly crucial, and impossible to replicate online.  For workers wondering right now if they’re ever going back to the office, the most honest answer is this: Even if they do, the office might never be the same.”

A recent survey found that of the 56% of respondents employed pre-Covid-19, half were working from home, - 35% having recently switched to working from home, while another 15% were already doing so pre-Covid; 37% continued to commute to work, and 10% had been recently laid-off or furloughed.  The survey was  based on two separate national samples of US data, - one which gathered 25,000 responses in early April, and the second another 25,000 responses in early May.

Thompson’s article cites the experience of Accenture, which has around 500,000 employees in more than 200 cities in 120 countries.  Before the pandemic, no more than 10% worked remotely on any given day.  But, by the middle of March, nearly all were asked to work from home.  Employees adapted quickly, said Accenture’s CTO.  The volume of video calls went up by a factor of six while those of audio calls tripled.  Despite having to switch from face-to-face to audio and video interactions, overall productivity actually went up as measured by several metrics.    ... "

Blockchain and Public Health Solutions

How does blockchain technology link with public health data and aid in the future solution of current and future public health care problems like pandemics?  A considerable look at the issue by the former IBMer, with very useful links.

Blockchain and Public Health Solutions  by  Irving Wladawsky-Berger

The Blockchain Research Institute (BRI) is a global think tank dedicated to the strategic implications of blockchain technologies to business, government and society.  On March 26, I participated in a virtual roundtable convened by the BRI to discuss the potential use of blockchain technologies for public health solutions.  The roundtable’s findings and recommendations were released in early April in Blockchain Solutions in Pandemics: A Call for Innovation and Transformation in Public Health.

The report identified five key areas where blockchain could be deployed to fight Covid-19 as well as future pandemics: identity, health records and shared data; just-in-time supply chains; sustaining the economy; a rapid response registry for medical professionals; and incentives models to reward responsible behavior.  In each of these areas, the report presented uses cases where blockchain is already being deployed, and recommended a number of blockchain related public health measures that will help better prepare for future pandemics.  Given the broad scope of the report, I will focus my attention on one area in particular: identity, health records and shared data. ... " 

Irving Wladawsky-Berger: Why Some AI Efforts Fail

From a former IBMer what we worked with on enterprise AI the first time around.   Also insightful for many kinds of emerging tech.  I have now followed up on this question for several major AI projects.   Reading the report mentioned below now.  More to follow.

Irving Wladawsky-Berger
A collection of observations, news and resources on the changing nature of innovation, technology, leadership, and other subjects.

Why Some AI Efforts Succeed While Many Fail
Winning with AI, - a 2019 report based on a survey jointly conducted by the MIT Sloan Management Review and the Boston Consulting Group, - found that 90% of respondents agree that AI represents a business opportunity for their company.  The global survey attracted over 2,500 respondents from 29 industries and 97 countries, and conducted interviews with 17 executives leaders of AI initiatives in large organizations.

The report classified the total survey population into four subgroups based on their understanding of AI tools and concepts and their levels of adoption of AI applications: Pioneers (20%) are leading-edge organizations that both understand and have widely adopted AI; Investigators (30%) understand AI but have not deployed applications beyond the pilot stage; Experimenters (18%) are learning by doing, conducting pilots without a deep understanding of AI; and Passives (32%) have not adopted AI and have little understanding of the technology.

“Many AI initiatives fail,” was the report’s overriding finding.  “Seven out of 10 companies surveyed report minimal or no impact from AI so far.  Among the 90% of companies that have made at least some investment in AI, fewer than 2 out of 5 report obtaining any business gains from AI in the past three years. This number improves to 3 out of 5 when we include companies that have made significant investments in AI.  Even so, this means 40% of organizations making significant investments do not report business gains from AI.”

Why is it so hard to realize value from AI?  Why do some efforts succeed while many more fail?  To help answer these questions, the study looked for patterns in the survey data and in the executive interviews to uncover what the companies that are succeeding with AI are doing.  It found that the companies generating the most value from AI exhibit a distinct set of organizational behaviors.  Let me summarize these findings.  .... " 

State of AI in the Enterprise

Useful view from recent surveys Deloitte in 2017 and 2018 by Deloitte.

Irving Wladawsky-Berger reports on The State of AI in the Enterprise

A few months ago, Babson College professor Tom Davenport gave a talk on the state of AI in the enterprise at the annual conference of MIT’s Initiative on the Digital Economy.  His talk was based on two recent US surveys conducted by Deloitte, the first one in 2017 followed by a second in 2018.  Davenport was a co-author of both reports.

The 2017 survey was focused on the responses of 250 US executives who were leading the applications of AI in their companies.  The larger 2018 survey reached out to 1,100 IT (46%) and line-of-business (54%) executives from US-based companies (64% at the C-level) and 10 different industries.  All of these respondents were early AI adopters compared with their counterparts in an average company, - 90% were directly involved in their company’s AI projects, and 75% said that they had an excellent understanding of AI.

Davenport started his talk by summarizing the key findings in the Deloitte surveys:

20-30% of enterprises are early adopters, having implemented at least one AI prototype or production application;

Many projects are in pilots but some are already in production;
Relatively simple low hanging fruit projects prevail over more ambitious and complex moon shots;
Only 24% cited “reducing headcount through automation” as one of their top AI priorities;
The great majority of respondents believe that AI leads to moderate or substantial changes in job roles and skills;

Implementation, integration, data issues and talent top the list of challenges faced by early adopters;
Further AI growth is inevitable.

Overall, the 2018 survey found that “Early adopters are ramping up their AI investments, launching more initiatives, and getting positive returns.”  Compared to executives in average companies, early adopters have been implementing key AI technologies at a growing rate, including machine and deep learning, natural language processing and computer vision.  63% of respondents had adopted machine learning, an increase of 5% over the 2017 survey and 50% were using deep learning.  62% had adopted natural language processing, compared to 53% in 2017, while 57% were using computer vision.  .... "

Transformative Blockchain

A look at Blockchain future:

By Irving Wladawsky-Berger:

A collection of observations, news and resources on the changing nature of innovation, technology, leadership, and other subjects.

« Free-Market, Free-Trade Capitalism at a Crossroads | Main | The Challenges of Automation in a Fast Changing Economy »
July 29, 2019

The Transformative Power of Blockchain

“Blockchain matters because no business operates in isolation,” says Blockchain for Business, a recently published book by Jai Arun, Jerry Cuomo, and Nitin Gaur.  “Multiple institutions can achieve more together than any single institution can alone.  By implementing business processes that leverage the collective knowledge of the group, processes can be orders of magnitude more cost-efficient.  New processes that were not possible before blockchain, can be created.  This opens new opportunities and creates competitive advantage for many businesses.”

Since if fist came to light over a decade ago as the public, distributed ledger for the Bitcoin cryptocurrency, people have struggled to understand what blockchain is about and what it’s good for.  This is not unusual for potentially transformative technologies in their early stages, as was the case with the Internet in the early-mid 1990s.  The key question is whether blockchain has the potential to become a truly transformative technology over time.  Most everyone agrees.  According to Gartner, the business value-add of blockchain will be more than $176 billion by 2025, and will exceed $3.1 trillion by 2030.  .... "

Understanding the Digitization of the Workforce

Came to this piece by seeing the mention of O*NET, which we also used to look at the assemblage of work based on looking at component tasks.    Irving does a great job looking at workplace digitization, here a short excerpt:

By Irving Wladawsky-Berger:

The Digitalization of the American Workforce

“Over the past half century, wave after wave of digital innovation has ensured that digitalization - the diffusion of digital technologies into nearly every business and workplace and pocket - has been remaking the U.S. economy and the world of work,” said the Brookings Institution in Digitalization and the American Workforce.  The digitalization of everything has both increased the potential of individuals and societies while contributing to widespread anxiety about its impact on jobs and economic inequalities.  “And yet, for all of the evidence that big changes are underway, surprisingly little data exists to track the spread of digital adoption.” .... 

The Brookings report quantified the spread of digitalization by analyzing the changes in the digital content of 545 occupations between 2002 and 2016 based on O*NET, the most comprehensive data on US occupations sponsored by the US Department of Labor.  O*NET includes highly detailed, task-level information on hundreds of occupations, and includes quantitative measures of knowledge requirements, skills, tools, education, training and work activities. In addition, the report collected information on the occupations’ particular industries, pay, growth rates, geographical locations and distribution across educational and demographic groups. .... '